Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world

See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[8]
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[9] and father of Indology[10]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[11] such as demography,[12] cultural history,[13] historiography,[14] philosophy of history,[15] sociology[12][15] and economics[16][17]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[18][19]
[edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution
Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[20]
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[21]
Qusta ibn Luqa
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[9][12] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[9]
Avicenna
Ibn Jumay
Abd-el-latif
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn al-Quff
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Zaghloul El-Naggar
Abdullahi Anshur Jimale
[edit] Mathematicians
Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[22] and algorithms[23]
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[24]
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Khalili
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity