Further information: Islamic sociology, See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[8]
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[9] and father of Indology[10]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[11] such as demography,[12] cultural history,[13] historiography,[14] philosophy of history,[15] sociology[12][15] and economics[16][17]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[18][19]
[edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution
Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[20]
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[21]
Qusta ibn Luqa
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[9][12] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[9]
Avicenna
Ibn Jumay
Abd-el-latif
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn al-Quff
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Zaghloul El-Naggar
Abdullahi Anshur Jimale

[edit] Mathematicians
Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[22] and algorithms[23]
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[24]
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Khalili
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Averroes
Avicenna
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Maryam Mirzakhani
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg
Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[25][26]
Cumrun Vafa
Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism
[edit] Biologists, Neuroscientists and Psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[27]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[28]
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[30] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[31]
Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[32]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[33]
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[33]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[34]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[35]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[36]
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[32] neuropsychiatry,[37] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[38]
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[34]
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[34]
Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[39]
Teepu Siddique, neurologist and pioneer in neurogenetics and ALS research.
Pardis Sabeti
[edit] Physicians and Surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[40]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[41]
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[42]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[43]
Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[44]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[34] craniotomy,[43] hematology[45] and dental surgery[46]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[47] and visual perception[48]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[49] founder of Unani medicine,[45] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[50] aromatherapy,[51] pulsology and sphygmology,[52] and also a philosopher
Ibn Miskawayh
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[53] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[54] and tracheotomy[55]
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Averroes
Ibn al-Baitar
Ibn Jazla
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[56] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[57] pulsology and sphygmology[58]
Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of modern embryology[43]
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[59]
Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
Mansur ibn Ilyas
Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
Toffy Musivand
Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[60]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[61][62]
Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
[edit] Physicists & Engineers
Further information: Islamic physics
Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani, 10th century
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[63] pioneer of scientific method[64] and experimental physics,[65] considered the "first scientist"[66]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[67]
Avicenna, 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[6] father of modern engineering[68]
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Hasan al-Rammah, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
Abdus Salam, Pakistani Theoretical Physicists and a Nobel Prize winner(1979).
Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist
Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American Particle Physicist
Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistani nuclear engineer
Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani nuclear physicist
Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
[edit] Political Scientists
Syed Qutb
Abul Ala Maududi
Hasan al-Turabi
Hassan al-Banna
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Shoaib ur Rehman Mughal
[edit] Other scientists and inventors
Azizul Haque
Prof Dr Mohammad Sharif Chattar
[edit] Sports
Rustam Kasimdzhanov-chess Grandmaster, best known for winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004.
Mike Tyson-was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest ever, to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles.
Muhammad Ali-is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time.
Ruslan Chagaev-is a former WBA heavyweight boxing champion.
Sultan Ibragimov- is a professional boxer and a former WBO heavyweight champion of Avar Dagestani Muslim descent.
Hasim AbdulRahman-is an American boxer who became the WBC, IBF, and IBO world heavyweight champion by knocking out Lennox Lewis in 2001.
[edit] References
1.^ Peter Bond, Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov, The Independent, 7 April 2003.
2.^ Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
3.^ Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon, IslamOnline interview
4.^ John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.
5.^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber). University of Indonesia.
6.^ a b Paul Vallely. How Islamic inventors changed the world, The Independent
7.^ All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, Nobel Prize
8.^ Franz Rosenthal (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress", Osiris 9, p. 555-564 [559].
9.^ a b c Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", RAIN 60, p. 9-10.
10.^ Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
11.^ Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", Middle East Journal 56 (1), p. 25.
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18.^ Mahbub ul Haq (1995), Reflections on Human Development, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195101936.
19.^ Amartya Sen (2000), "A Decade of Human Development", Journal of Human Development 1 (1): 17-23.
20.^ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 Mas'udi, al-." Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.
21.^ L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", Environment and History 8 (4), pp. 475-488.
22.^ Solomon Gandz (1936), "The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra", Osiris I, p. 263–277."
23.^ Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, The Hindu, June 23, 2006.
24.^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Qalasadi.html .
25.^ Zadeh, L.A. (1965) "Fuzzy sets", Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
26.^ Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, University of California, Berkeley
27.^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [375].
28.^ Saoud, R. "The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World" (PDF). http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
29.^ a b Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [361]
30.^ Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76-79.
31.^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [362]
32.^ a b Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].
33.^ a b Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [363].
34.^ a b c d Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), p. 877-892.
35.^ Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 (2).
36.^ Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture"
37.^ S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", Neurosurgical Focus 23 (1), E13, p. 3.
38.^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 315 & 1022–1023. ISBN 0415131596.
39.^ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004094598.
40.^ Levey M. (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
41.^ Felix Klein-Frank (2001), Al-Kindi, in Oliver Leaman and Hossein Nasr, History of Islamic Philosophy, p. 172. Routledge, London.
42.^ Ray Spier (2002), "The history of the peer-review process", Trends in Biotechnology 20 (8), p. 357-358 [357].
43.^ a b c Ezzat Abouleish, "Contributions Of Islam To Medicine", in Shahid Athar (1993), Islamic Perspectives in Medicine, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
44.^ Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2, pp. 56-57.
45.^ a b Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi, Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
46.^ Henry W. Noble, PhD (2002), Tooth transplantation: a controversial story, History of Dentistry Research Group, Scottish Society for the History of Medicine.
47.^ Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press.
48.^ Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.
49.^ Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", Becka J. 119 (1), p. 17-23.
50.^ David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
51.^ Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.
52.^ Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", Heart Views 1 (4), pp. 136-140 [138-140].
53.^ Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", Saudi Medical Journal 27 (11): 1631-1641.
54.^ Islamic medicine, Hutchinson Encyclopedia.
55.^ A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", AlShindagah 68, January-February 2006.
56.^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
57.^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", pp. 3 & 6, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.[1]
58.^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", pp. 224-228, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.[2]
59.^ Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D. (2002). "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association 2, p. 2-9.
60.^ John B. Winfield (2007), "Fibromyalgia and Related Central Sensitivity Syndromes: Twenty-five Years of Progress", Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 36 (6): 335-338.
61.^ theStar (2007). "Tapping into space research". TheStar. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/9/22/nation/18514133&sec=nation. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
62.^ theStar (2007). "Mission in space". TheStar. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/10/11/nation/19136025&sec=nation. Retrieved October 2007 13.
63.^ Dr. Mahmoud Al Deek. "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine", Al Shindagah, November-December 2004.
64.^ Rosanna Gorini (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in the Science of Vision", International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy.
65.^ Rüdiger Thiele (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15, p. 329–331. Cambridge University Press.
66.^ Bradley Steffens (2006), Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.
67.^ Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [642], Routledge, London and New York.
68.^ 1000 Years of Knowledge Rediscovered at Ibn Battuta Mall, MTE Studios.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists"
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العربيةമലയാളംతెలుగుTürkçeاردوhref="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociology">Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[8]
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[9] and father of Indology[10]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[11] such as demography,[12] cultural history,[13] historiography,[14] philosophy of history,[15] sociology[12][15] and economics[16][17]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[18][19]
[edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution
Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[20]
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[21]
Qusta ibn Luqa
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[9][12] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[9]
Avicenna
Ibn Jumay
Abd-el-latif
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn al-Quff
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Zaghloul El-Naggar
Abdullahi Anshur Jimale
[edit] Mathematicians
Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[22] and algorithms[23]
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[24]
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Khalili
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Averroes
Avicenna
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Maryam Mirzakhani
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg
Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[25][26]
Cumrun Vafa
Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism
[edit] Biologists, Neuroscientists and Psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[27]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[28]
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[30] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[31]
Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[32]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[33]
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[33]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[34]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[35]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[36]
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[32] neuropsychiatry,[37] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[38]
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[34]
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[34]
Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[39]
Teepu Siddique, neurologist and pioneer in neurogenetics and ALS research.
Pardis Sabeti
[edit] Physicians and Surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[40]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[41]
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[42]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[43]
Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[44]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[34] craniotomy,[43] hematology[45] and dental surgery[46]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[47] and visual perception[48]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[49] founder of Unani medicine,[45] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[50] aromatherapy,[51] pulsology and sphygmology,[52] and also a philosopher
Ibn Miskawayh
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[53] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[54] and tracheotomy[55]
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Averroes
Ibn al-Baitar
Ibn Jazla
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[56] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[57] pulsology and sphygmology[58]
Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of modern embryology[43]
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[59]
Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
Mansur ibn Ilyas
Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
Toffy Musivand
Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[60]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[61][62]
Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
[edit] Physicists & Engineers
Further information: Islamic physics
Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani, 10th century
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[63] pioneer of scientific method[64] and experimental physics,[65] considered the "first scientist"[66]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[67]
Avicenna, 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[6] father of modern engineering[68]
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Hasan al-Rammah, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
Abdus Salam, Pakistani Theoretical Physicists and a Nobel Prize winner(1979).
Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist
Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American Particle Physicist
Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistani nuclear engineer
Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani nuclear physicist
Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
[edit] Political Scientists
Syed Qutb
Abul Ala Maududi
Hasan al-Turabi
Hassan al-Banna
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Shoaib ur Rehman Mughal
[edit] Other scientists and inventors
Azizul Haque
Prof Dr Mohammad Sharif Chattar
[edit] Sports
Rustam Kasimdzhanov-chess Grandmaster, best known for winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004.
Mike Tyson-was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest ever, to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles.
Muhammad Ali-is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time.
Ruslan Chagaev-is a former WBA heavyweight boxing champion.
Sultan Ibragimov- is a professional boxer and a former WBO heavyweight champion of Avar Dagestani Muslim descent.
Hasim AbdulRahman-is an American boxer who became the WBC, IBF, and IBO world heavyweight champion by knocking out Lennox Lewis in 2001.
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Categories: Islam and science Muslims by occupation Lists of Muslims History of Islamic science Arab scientists
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